Country Codes

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The following list shows the countries of the world, according to international standard ISO 3166-1. Selected standard codes for the countries are shown. There is also an indication of which entities are or are not independent countries.

246 countriesA-2A-3NumITUFIPSIOCFIFADSWMOGAULMARCIndependent
AfghanistanAFAFG004AFGAFAFGAFGAFGAF1afYes
ÅlandAXALA248   ALDFIN 1242 Part of FI
AlbaniaALALB008ALBALALBALBALAB3aaYes
AlgeriaDZDZA012ALGAGALGALGDZAL4aeYes
American SamoaASASM016SMAAQASAASAUSA 5asTerritory of US
AndorraADAND020ANDANANDANDAND 7anYes
AngolaAOAGO024AGLAOANGANG AN8aoYes
AnguillaAIAIA660AIAAVAIAAIA  9amTerritory of GB
AntarcticaAQATA010 AY ROS3 AA10ayInternational
Antigua and BarbudaAGATG028ATGACANTATG AT11aqYes
ArgentinaARARG032ARGARARGARGRAAG12agYes
ArmeniaAMARM051ARMAMARMARMAMAY13aiYes
ArubaAWABW533ABWAAARUARU NU14awPart of NL
AustraliaAUAUS036AUSASAUSAUSAUSAU17atYes
AustriaATAUT040AUTAUAUTAUTAOS18auYes
AzerbaijanAZAZE031AZEAJAZEAZEAZAJ19ajYes
BahamasBSBHS044BAHBFBAHBAHBSBA20bfYes
BahrainBHBHR048BHRBABRNBHRBRNBN21baYes
BangladeshBDBGD050BGDBGBANBANBDBW23bgYes
BarbadosBBBRB052BRBBBBARBRBBDSBR24bbYes
BelarusBYBLR112BLRBOBLRBLRBYBY26bwYes
BelgiumBEBEL056BELBEBELBELBBX27beYes
BelizeBZBLZ084BLZBHBIZBLZBZBH28bhYes
BeninBJBEN204BENBNBENBENDYBJ29dmYes
BermudaBMBMU060BERBDBERBER BE30bmTerritory of GB
BhutanBTBTN064BTNBTBHUBHU  31btYes
BoliviaBOBOL068BOLBLBOLBOLBOLBO33boYes
Bosnia and HerzegovinaBABIH070BIHBKBIHBIHBIHBG34bnYes
BotswanaBWBWA072BOTBCBOTBOTBWBC35bsYes
Bouvet IslandBVBVT074 BV  BV36bvTerritory of NO
BrazilBRBRA076BBRBRABRABRBZ37blYes
British Indian Ocean TerritoryIOIOT086BIOIO   38biTerritory of GB
Brunei DarussalamBNBRN096BRUBXBRUBRUBRUBD40bxYes
BulgariaBGBGR100BULBUBULBULBGBU41buYes
Burkina FasoBFBFA854BFAUVBURBFABFHV42uvYes
BurundiBIBDI108BDIBYBDIBDIRUBI43bdYes
CambodiaKHKHM116CBGCBCAMCAMKKP44cbYes
CameroonCMCMR120CMECMCMRCMRCAMCM45cmYes
CanadaCACAN124CANCACANCANCDNCN46xxcYes
Cape VerdeCVCPV132CPVCVCPVCPV CV47cvYes
Cayman IslandsKYCYM136CYMCJCAYCAY GC48cjTerritory of GB
Central African RepublicCFCAF140CAFCTCAFCTARCACE49cxYes
ChadTDTCD148TCDCDCHACHATCHCD50cdYes
ChileCLCHL152CHLCICHICHIRCHCH51clYes
ChinaCNCHN156CHNCHCHNCHN CI53ccYes
Christmas IslandCXCXR162CHRKT CXRAUSKI54xaTerritory of AU
Cocos (Keeling) IslandsCCCCK166ICOCK CCKAUSKK56xbTerritory of AU
ColombiaCOCOL170CLMCOCOLCOLCOCO57ckYes
ComorosKMCOM174COMCNCOMCOM IC58cqYes
Congo (Brazzaville)CGCOG178COGCFCGOCGORCBCG59cfYes
Congo (Kinshasa)CDCOD180CODCGCODCODZREZR68cgYes
Cook IslandsCKCOK184CKHCWCOKCOKNZKU60cwAssociated with NZ
Costa RicaCRCRI188CTRCSCRCCRCCRCS61crYes
Côte d'IvoireCICIV384CTIIVCIVCIVCIIV66ivYes
CroatiaHRHRV191HRVHRCROCROHRRH62ciYes
CubaCUCUB192CUBCUCUBCUBCCU63cuYes
CyprusCYCYP196CYPCYCYPCYPCYCY64cyYes
Czech RepublicCZCZE203CZEEZCZECZECZCZ65xrYes
DenmarkDKDNK208DNKDADENDENDKDN69dkYes
DjiboutiDJDJI262DJIDJDJIDJI DJ70ftYes
DominicaDMDMA212DMADODMADMAWDDO71dqYes
Dominican RepublicDODOM214DOMDRDOMDOMDOMDR72drYes
EcuadorECECU218EQAECECUECUECEQ73ecYes
EgyptEGEGY818EGYEGEGYEGYETEG40765uaYes
El SalvadorSVSLV222SLVESESASLVESES75esYes
Equatorial GuineaGQGNQ226GNEEKGEQEQG GQ76egYes
EritreaERERI232ERIERERIERI  77eaYes
EstoniaEEEST233ESTENESTESTESTEO78erYes
EthiopiaETETH231ETHETETHETHETHET79etYes
Falkland IslandsFKFLK238FLKFKFLKFLK FK81fkTerritory of GB
Faroe IslandsFOFRO234FROFOFROFROFOFA82faPart of DK
FijiFJFJI242FJIFJFIJFIJFJIFJ83fjYes
FinlandFIFIN246FINFIFINFINFINFI84fiYes
FranceFRFRA250FFRFRAFRAFFR85frYes
French GuianaGFGUF254GUFFGFGUGUFFFG86fgPart of FR
French PolynesiaPFPYF258OCEFPFPOTAH2FPF87fpTerritory of FR
French Southern LandsTFATF260 FS F 88fsTerritory of FR
GabonGAGAB266GABGBGABGABGGO89goYes
GambiaGMGMB270GMBGAGAMGAMWAGGB90gmYes
GeorgiaGEGEO268GEOGGGEOGEOGEGG92gsYes
GermanyDEDEU276DGMGERGERDDL93gwYes
GhanaGHGHA288GHAGHGHAGHAGHGH94ghYes
GibraltarGIGIB292GIBGIGIBGBZGBZGI95giTerritory of GB
GreeceGRGRC300GRCGRGREGREGRGR97grYes
GreenlandGLGRL304GRLGLGRLGRLDKGL98glPart of DK
GrenadaGDGRD308GRDGJGRNGRNWGGD99gdYes
GuadeloupeGPGLP312GDLGPGUDGLPFMF100gpPart of FR
GuamGUGUM316GUMGQGUMGUMUSAGM101guTerritory of US
GuatemalaGTGTM320GTMGTGUAGUAGCAGU103gtYes
GuernseyGGGGY831 GK GBGGBG 104uikCrown dependency of GB
GuineaGNGIN324GUIGVGUIGUIRGGN106gvYes
Guinea-BissauGWGNB624GNBPUGBSGNB GW105pgYes
GuyanaGYGUY328GUYGYGUYGUYGUYGY107gyYes
HaitiHTHTI332HTIHAHAIHAIRHHA108htYes
Heard and McDonald IslandsHMHMD334 HM AUS 109hmTerritory of AU
HondurasHNHND340HNDHOHONHON HO111hoYes
Hong KongHKHKG344HKGHKHKGHKGHKHK33364 Part of CN
HungaryHUHUN348HNGHUHUNHUNHHU113huYes
IcelandISISL352ISLICISLISLISIL114icYes
IndiaININD356INDININDINDINDIN115iiYes
IndonesiaIDIDN360INSIDINAIDNRIID116ioYes
IranIRIRN364IRNIRIRIIRNIRIR117irYes
IraqIQIRQ368IRQIZIRQIRQIRQIQ118iqYes
IrelandIEIRL372IRLEIIRLIRLIRLIE119ieYes
Isle of ManIMIMN833 IM GBMGBM 120uikCrown dependency of GB
IsraelILISR376ISRISISRISRILIS121isYes
ItalyITITA380IITITAITAIIY122itYes
JamaicaJMJAM388JMCJMJAMJAMJAJM123jmYes
JapanJPJPN392JJAJPNJPNJJP126jaYes
JerseyJEJEY832 JE GBJGBJ 128uikCrown dependency of GB
JordanJOJOR400JORJOJORJORHKJJD130joYes
KazakhstanKZKAZ398KAZKZKAZKAZKZKZ132kzYes
KenyaKEKEN404KENKEKENKENEAKKN133keYes
KiribatiKIKIR296KIRKRKIRKIR KB135gbYes
Korea, NorthKPPRK408KREKNPRKPRK KR67knYes
Korea, SouthKRKOR410KORKSKORKORROKKO202koYes
KuwaitKWKWT414KWTKUKUWKUWKWTKW137kuYes
KyrgyzstanKGKGZ417KGZKGKGZKGZKSKG138kgYes
LaosLALAO418LAOLALAOLAOLAOLA139lsYes
LatviaLVLVA428LVALGLATLVALVLV140lvYes
LebanonLBLBN422LBNLELIBLIBRLLB141leYes
LesothoLSLSO426LSOLTLESLESLSLS142loYes
LiberiaLRLBR430LBRLILBRLBRLBLI144lbYes
LibyaLYLBY434LBYLYLBALBYLARLY145lyYes
LiechtensteinLILIE438LIELSLIELIEFL 146lhYes
LithuaniaLTLTU440LTULHLTULTULTLT147liYes
LuxembourgLULUX442LUXLULUXLUXLBX148luYes
MacauMOMAC446MACMCMACMAC MU149 Part of CN
MacedoniaMKMKD807MKDMKMKDMKDMKMJ241xnYes
MadagascarMGMDG450MDGMAMADMADRMMG150mgYes
MalawiMWMWI454MWIMIMAWMWIMWMW152mwYes
MalaysiaMYMYS458MLAMYMASMASMALMS153myYes
MaldivesMVMDV462MLDMVMDVMDV MV154xcYes
MaliMLMLI466MLIMLMLIMLIRMMMI155mlYes
MaltaMTMLT470MLTMTMLTMLTMML156mmYes
Marshall IslandsMHMHL584MHLRMMSHMHL MH157xeYes
MartiniqueMQMTQ474MRTMBMRTMTQFMR158mqPart of FR
MauritaniaMRMRT478MTNMRMTNMTNRIMMT159muYes
MauritiusMUMUS480MAUMPMRIMRIMSMA160mfYes
MayotteYTMYT175MYTMFMAYMYT  161otPart of FR
MexicoMXMEX484MEXMXMEXMEXMEXMX162mxYes
MicronesiaFMFSM583FSMFMFSMFSM  163fmYes
MoldovaMDMDA498MDAMDMDAMDAMDRM165mvYes
MonacoMCMCO492MCOMNMONMONMC 166mcYes
MongoliaMNMNG496MNGMGMGLMGLMGLMO167mpYes
MontenegroMEMNE499MNEMJMGO(See Serbia)2647moYes
MontserratMSMSR500MSRMHMNTMSR  168mjTerritory of GB
MoroccoMAMAR504MRCMOMARMARMAMC169mrYes
MozambiqueMZMOZ508MOZMZMOZMOZMOCMZ170mzYes
MyanmarMMMMR104BRMBMMYAMYABURBM171brYes
NamibiaNANAM516NMBWANAMNAMNAMNM172sxYes
NauruNRNRU520NRUNRNRUNRUNAUNW173nuYes
NepalNPNPL524NPLNPNEPNEPNEPNP175npYes
NetherlandsNLNLD528HOLNLNEDNEDNLNL177neYes
Netherlands AntillesANANT530ATNNTAHOANTNANU176naPart of NL
New CaledoniaNCNCL540NCLNCNCDNCLFNC178nlTerritory of FR
New ZealandNZNZL554NZLNZNZLNZLNZNZ179nzYes
NicaraguaNINIC558NCGNUNCANCANICNK180nqYes
NigerNENER562NGRNGNIGNIGRNNR181ngYes
NigeriaNGNGA566NIGNINGRNGANGRNI182nrYes
NiueNUNIU570NIUNENIUNIUNZ 183xhAssociated with NZ
Norfolk IslandNFNFK574NFKNFNFINFKAUSNF184nxTerritory of AU
Northern Mariana IslandsMPMNP580MRACQNMANMIUSAMY185nwCommonwealth of US
NorwayNONOR578NORNONORNORNNO186noYes
OmanOMOMN512OMAMUOMAOMA OM187mkYes
PakistanPKPAK586PAKPKPAKPAKPKPK188pkYes
PalauPWPLW585PLWPSPLWPLW  189pwYes
PalestinePSPSE275 GZ,WEPLEPLE  91,267gz,wjIn contention
PanamaPAPAN591PNRPMPANPANPAPM191pnYes
Papua New GuineaPGPNG598PNGPPPNGPNGPNGNG192ppYes
ParaguayPYPRY600PRGPAPARPARPYPY194pyYes
PeruPEPER604PRUPEPERPERPEPR195peYes
PhilippinesPHPHL608PHLRPPHIPHIRPPH196phYes
PitcairnPNPCN612PTCPC PCN PT197pcTerritory of GB
PolandPLPOL616POLPLPOLPOLPLPL198plYes
PortugalPTPRT620PORPOPORPORPPO199poYes
Puerto RicoPRPRI630PTRRQPURPURUSAPU200prCommonwealth of US
QatarQAQAT634QATQAQATQATQQT201qaYes
ReunionREREU638REUREREUREUFRE206rePart of FR
RomaniaROROU642ROUROROMROURORO203rmYes
Russian FederationRURUS643RUSRSRUSRUSRUSRS204ruYes
RwandaRWRWA646RRWRWRWARWARWARW205rwYes
Saint BarthélemyBLBLM652 TB     Part of FR
Saint HelenaSHSHN654SHNSHHELSHN HE207xjTerritory of GB
Saint Kitts and NevisKNKNA659KNASCSKNSKN AT208xdYes
Saint LuciaLCLCA662LCASTLCALCAWLLC209xkYes
Saint Martin (French part)MFMAF663 RN     Part of FR
Saint Pierre and MiquelonPMSPM666SPMSBSPMSPMFFP210xlPart of FR
Saint Vincent and the GrenadinesVCVCT670VCTVCVINVINWVVG211xmYes
SamoaWSWSM882SMOWSSAMSAMWSZM212wsYes
San MarinoSMSMR674SMRSMSMRSMRRSM 213smYes
Sao Tome and PrincipeSTSTP678STPTPSTPSTP TP214sfYes
Saudi ArabiaSASAU682ARSSAKSAKSASASD215suYes
SenegalSNSEN686SENSGSENSENSNSG217sgYes
SerbiaRSSRB688SRBRI,KVSERSERSCGYG2648rbYes
SeychellesSCSYC690SEYSESEYSEYSYSC220seYes
Sierra LeoneSLSLE694SRLSLSLESLEWALSL221slYes
SingaporeSGSGP702SNGSNSINSINSGPSR222siYes
SlovakiaSKSVK703SVKLOSVKSVKSKSQ223xoYes
SloveniaSISVN705SVNSISLOSVNSLOLJ224xvYes
Solomon IslandsSBSLB090SLMBPSOLSOL SO225bpYes
SomaliaSOSOM706SOMSOSOMSOMSOSI226soYes
South AfricaZAZAF710AFSSFRSARSAZAZA227saYes
South Georgia and South Sandwich IslandsGSSGS239 SX   228xsTerritory of GB
SpainESESP724ESPESPESPESP229spYes
Sri LankaLKLKA144CLNCESRISRICLSB231ceYes
SudanSDSDN736SDNSUSUDSUDSUDSU40764sjYes
SurinameSRSUR740SURNSSURSURSMESM233srYes
Svalbard and Jan Mayen IslandsSJSJM744NORSV,JN  SZ234 Territory of NO
SwazilandSZSWZ748SWZWZSWZSWZSDSV235sqYes
SwedenSESWE752SSWSWESWESSN236swYes
SwitzerlandCHCHE756SUISZSUISUICHSW237szYes
SyriaSYSYR760SYRSYSYRSYRSYRSY238syYes
TaiwanTWTWN158 TWTPETPERC 925chYes
TajikistanTJTJK762TJKTITJKTJKTJTA239taYes
TanzaniaTZTZA834TZATZTANTANEATTN257tzYes
ThailandTHTHA764THATHTHATHATTH240thYes
Timor-LesteTLTLS626TMPTTTLSTLS TM242emYes
TogoTGTGO768TGOTOTOGTOGTGTG243tgYes
TokelauTKTKL772TKLTL TKLNZTK244tlTerritory of NZ
TongaTOTON776TONTNTGATGA TO245toYes
Trinidad and TobagoTTTTO780TRDTDTRITRITTTD246trYes
TunisiaTNTUN788TUNTSTUNTUNTNTS248tiYes
TurkeyTRTUR792TURTUTURTURTRTU249tuYes
TurkmenistanTMTKM795TKMTXTKMTKMTMTR250tkYes
Turks and Caicos IslandsTCTCA796TCATKTKSTCA TI251tcTerritory of GB
TuvaluTVTUV798TUVTVTUVTUV TV252tvYes
UgandaUGUGA800UGAUGUGAUGAEAUUG253ugYes
UkraineUAUKR804UKRUPUKRUKRUAUR254unYes
United Arab EmiratesAEARE784UAEAEUAEUAE ER255tsYes
United KingdomGBGBR826GUKGBR1GBUK256xxkYes
United States Minor Outlying IslandsUMUMI581 a USA bTerritories of US
United States of AmericaUSUSA840USAUSUSAUSAUSAUS259xxuYes
UruguayUYURY858URGUYURUURUROUUY260uyYes
UzbekistanUZUZB860UZBUZUZBUZBUZUZ261uzYes
VanuatuVUVUT548VUTNHVANVAN NV262nnYes
Vatican CityVAVAT336CVAVT VATV 110vcYes
VenezuelaVEVEN862VENVEVENVENYVVN263veYes
VietnamVNVNM704VTNVMVIEVIEVNVS264vmYes
Virgin Islands, BritishVGVGB092VRGVIIVBVGBBVIVI39vbTerritory of GB
Virgin Islands, U.S.VIVIR850VIRVQISVVIRUSAVI258viTerritory of US
Wallis and Futuna IslandsWFWLF876WALWFWAFWLFFFW266wfTerritory of FR
Western SaharaEHESH732AOEWI SAH  268ssIn contention
YemenYEYEM887YEMYMYEMYEMYARYE269yeYes
ZambiaZMZMB894ZMBZAZAMZAMZZB270zaYes
ZimbabweZWZWE716ZWEZIZIMZIMZWZW271rhYes
  • Country name: As shown in "Administrative Subdivisions of Countries".
  • A-2: Alpha-2 codes from ISO 3166-1
  • A-3: Alpha-3 codes from ISO 3166-1 (synonymous with World Bank Codes)
  • Num: Numeric codes from ISO 3166-1
  • ITU: Codes assigned by the International Telecommunications Union
  • FIPS: Codes from the U.S. standard FIPS PUB 10-4
  • IOC: Codes assigned by the International Olympics Committee . These codes identify the nationality of athletes and teams during Olympic events.
  • FIFA: Codes assigned by the Fédération Internationale de Football Association 
  • DS: Distinguishing signs of vehicles in international traffic (oval bumper sticker codes)
  • WMO: Country abbreviations used in weather reports from the World Meteorological Organization
  • GAUL: Global Administrative Unit Layers from the Food and Agriculture Organization
  • MARC: MAchine-Readable Cataloging codes from the Library of Congress
  • Independent: Country status, based on the CIA World Factbook. This column is just a superficial note, provided for convenience. I don't care to
    argue about it. For full details, please consult your favorite official source.

 

Sources and notes:

ISO - The Maintenance Agency for ISO standard 3166 is supported directly by the central secretariat of the ISO in Geneva. It maintains an authoritative list of ISO Alpha-2 Codes . Its list is coordinated with a list of countries used by the United Nations Statistics Division for reporting purposes. If I understand correctly, the organization that defines ISO Alpha-3 and Numeric Codes is actually the U.N. Statistics Division . Here are the changes since 1982  for those codes. See the changes in ISO 3166-1 page for the change history. I have also written a page about using ISO 3166-1 in software.

The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) administers top-level domain names (.com, .edu, .org, and so on). The majority of top-level domain names are referred to as ccTLD, or country-code Top Level Domains. They include .fr, .in, etc. URLs with .fr as their top-level domain are supposed to be assigned to French individuals, organizations, and companies by a French administrative body. IANA has chosen to use ISO 3166 as a basis for the ccTLDs (see their list ), and sticks to it very closely. It does, however, use .uk as well as .gb for the United Kingdom. It also allows .ac for Ascension Island (properly part of Saint Helena).

ITU - A number of Web pages say that the ITU country codes are being used, mostly to identify radio transmitter locations. The ITU Web site  has the list. These should not be confused with several other ITU codes, mostly numeric, which are used as dialing prefixes (e.g., ITU-T Recommendation E.164 ). The ITU code for Serbia and Montenegro recently changed from YUG to SCG.

FIPS - The FIPS 10-4  page has an official U.S. government listing of codes. I have been told that the Departments of State and Defense use these FIPS codes, while government agencies dealing with international trade and cooperation use the ISO Alpha-2 codes (which are also designated FIPS 104-1, to add to the confusion). Both sets of codes are so entrenched that it's impractical for the U.S. to standardize on just one set. See the changes in FIPS PUB 10 page for the change history. Eric Muller has created a website  that keeps track of changes in the FIPS codes for primary subdivisions.

The FIPS 10-4 country list differs from ISO 3166 in many minor and sometimes surprising ways. It has assigned separate codes to Bassas da India (BS), Europa Island (EU), Glorioso Islands (GO), Juan de Nova Island (JU), and Tromelin Island (TE), tiny and mostly uninhabited Indian Ocean islands administered with the French Southern Territories; also, Ashmore and Cartier Islands (AT) and Coral Sea Islands (CR), Australian territories; and Clipperton Island (IP), which is administered from French Polynesia. It splits Svalbard and Jan Mayen Islands into two countries (JN and SV). a It shows United States Minor Outlying Islands as nine countries: Baker Island (FQ), Howland Island (HQ), Jarvis Island (DQ), Johnston Atoll (JQ), Kingman Reef (KQ), Midway Islands (MQ), Navassa Island (BQ), Palmyra Atoll (LQ), and Wake Island (WQ). It treats Palestine as the Gaza Strip (GZ) plus the West Bank (WE); also, a code is assigned to No Man's Land (NM), a small and winding band of neutral territory near Jerusalem. Since Kosovo declared independence, it has treated Serbia as Serbia proper (RI) plus Kosovo (KV). The 2004 edition of the CIA World Factbook explains why it has added country listings for Akrotiri and Dhekelia, two British military bases in Cyprus. They were assigned the FIPS codes AX and DX, respectively, by FIPS Change Notice 12, dated 2007-06-11. At the same time, codes were added for the Southern Kuril Islands (a.k.a. Hoppo Ryodo) (PJ) and areas of undesignated sovereignty (UU), which overlaps with some other codes. Finally, FIPS allocates codes to the Paracel (PF) and Spratly (PG) Islands, two island groups in the South China Sea that are claimed by every country within shooting distance; ISO 3166 is noncommital about the Paracels and Spratlys.

When ISO split Åland from Finland, FIPS did not, so that is one more point of difference between them.

IOC - The International Olympics Committee code for Yugoslavia changed from YUG to SCG at about the same time as the ISO Alpha-3 code. Faroe Islands didn't compete in the 2004 Olympics, but in the Paralympic Games they were identified by FRO rather than the former code, FAR. Thanks to Richard Rundle for mentioning the Faroes change.

FIFA - The FIFA (soccer) codes are taken from the FIFA website, with supplemental codes as shown in Wikipedia . There are a couple of discrepancies between the two sources. Notes: 1 The United Kingdom is covered by several codes: ENG (England), NIR (Northern Ireland), SCO (Scotland), and WAL (Wales). 2 Represents Tahiti. 3 Represents Ross Dependency.

DS - Have you ever wondered about those white oval stickers on cars, with a country code in them? They are provided for by Article 20 of the Convention on Road Traffic  (Geneva, 1949). Therein, they are called "distinguishing signs of the place of registration" of vehicles. There's a list of them on this United Nations Economic Commission for Europe  page. However, some of the codes reported there are not the ones in actual use, because some countries are lax in reporting their codes to the U.N. Secretary General. Neil Parker, John Weeks, and Reg Wilson (of Europlate), in their book "Registration Plates of the World" (ISBN 0-9502735-6-2 paperback, 0-9502735-7-0 hardback), list the codes actually being used on vehicles. That list (as sent to me by Mr. Parker) is the primary source of the data given in the table above.

In recent years, unauthorized stickers have come on the market to promote various tourist areas. One of the earliest was MV for Martha's Vineyard. Besides, when a code changes (e.g. Faroe Islands changed from FR to FO in the mid-1990s), the old stickers don't disappear in a flash. Consequently, even direct observation may not be sufficient to establish the correct Distinguishing Sign for a country.

On 2003-09-11, following the change in the ISO codes for Serbia and Montenegro, the country's Distinguishing Sign was also changed to SCG (formerly YU). Mr. Parker reports that Botswana changed from RB to BW, notifying the U.N. authority in 2003.

The list of countries by Distinguishing Sign is a bit different from the ISO 3166 country list. Instead of Tanzania, there are Tanganyika (EAT) and Zanzibar (EAZ), dating back to before 1964 when the two countries united. There is even a code for Alderney (GBA), which is a dependency of Guernsey.

GAUL - GAUL is a relatively new initiative from the FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization), a specialized agency of the U.N. It aims to codify all the world's statoids and their changes, from about 1990 on. So far it has developed data for countries, primary, and secondary divisions, including boundary data and entity codes. The entity codes are integers, assigned sequentially, with no duplication between layers; that is, no country has the same code as any primary subdivision, and so on. When an entity splits or merges, its code is dropped and new codes are created. However, the codes for its subdivisions remain the same. Therefore, there is no permanent relationship between the codes for an entity and those for its subdivisions; the system is not hierarchical. A revised set of codes is released annually. Some information about GAUL is at Description , PDF document , Presentation , and List of codes .

MARC - MARC is a standard for encoding bibliographic materials in electronic form. The Library of Congress maintains the MARC code list for countries . For background on MARC and a list of country code changes, see the changes in MARC page. In general, MARC country codes are two letters. For three countries, MARC provides three-letter subdivision codes. In these cases, the first two letters represent the state or province, and the third letter indicates the country. If the first two letters are xx, the code represents a location in an unspecified subdivision of that country. b There are five MARC codes that represent parts of United States Minor Outlying Islands: ji Johnston Atoll, xf Midway Islands, wk Wake Island, uc United States Misc. Caribbean Islands, and up United States Misc. Pacific Islands.

Misc. - The Educational Testing Service has a set of three-digit country codes in a PDF file .

The U.S. Census Bureau has a set of four-digit country codes - Schedule C  - for use in reporting trade statistics. The (PDF file) AID Geographic Code Book  lists region and country codes used by the U.S. Agency for International Development, along with FIPS codes.

There are NATO standards called Stanag (for Standardization Agreement), used to communicate military information among NATO members. STANAG 1059  is used for countries and other regions. The country codes are based closely on the ISO Alpha-3 codes. The Stanag code for Macedonia is FYR instead of MKD; almost all of the others are the same.

Eurostat, the statistical agency of the European Union, has modified the ISO 3166-1 standard to create its own Geonomenclature , or GEONOM for short. These codes are intended to be used in compiling external trade statistics for EU countries.

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