Provinces of South Africa

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Updates: 

ISO 3166-2 Newsletter Number I-9 was published on 2007-11-28. It adds the names of the country, and of its divisions, in nine other South African languages.

We have another complicated situation in Pretoria. The City of Tshwane Metropolitan Municipality was created on 2000-12-05, by merging a number of smaller entities, including the Greater Pretoria Metropolitan Council. The new metropolitan municipality covers an area of about 3,200 km.², including all of the city of Pretoria (and several others). The Pretoria City Council was downgraded to a local municipal council. Then on 2005-03-07 the municipal council voted to rename the capital to Tshwane. The South Africa Geographical Names Council approved this change of name on 2005-05-26. It will become official when approved by the Minister for Arts and Culture. (Thanks to Ralph Aytoun for help figuring this out. A partisan pro-Pretoria summary of the name change issues may be found in this brief .)

The City of Tshwane Metropolitan Municipality is divided into 76 municipal wards, plus a few slivers of land not in any ward. It is also divided into a large number of townships, overlapping with the wards, with a lot of territory not in any township. I believe one of the wards, Pretoria Central, is the nucleus of the old Pretoria city, and will retain that name.

Tshwane, originally after a native chief's name, has been the name used for Pretoria by some native groups for years. Local authorities also gloss it as Zulu for "we are the same". The name Pretoria was chosen to commemorate Andries Pretorius, reminding many citizens of the despised colonial past.

FIPS Publication Change Notice No. 9, affecting FIPS PUB 10-4, was issued on 2004-10-01. It shows the change of the name of Northern Province to Limpopo.

ISO 3166-2 Newsletter Number I-6 was published on 2004-03-08. It shows the change of the name of Northern Province to Limpopo. ISO was notified of this change by the South African Department of Arts and Culture (the department in charge of geographic names) on 2003-11-05. ISO has changed the code for this province to ZA-LP.

Ulundi was capital of the "homeland" of KwaZulu. When apartheid ended and KwaZulu merged with Natal, Ulundi remained as an alternate capital of the new KwaZulu-Natal province.

Mpuma Koloni and KwaXhosa are being considered as new names for Eastern Cape province.

Roger Pountain informed me that numerous name changes are in the works in South Africa. Northern Province had already begun using its new name, Limpopo, by January, 2002. However, the province's Web site states that "The new name of the Province will become official after the amendment of section 103(1)(g) of the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa. A request by the legislature has been submitted to Parliament for the necessary amendment to be submitted." More recently, Mr. Pountain wrote, "It looks likely that Eastern Cape province might be renamed by the end of the year [2002]. There is a short list of possible names, but also a possibility that they might leave it as it is."

Status update: the name Limpopo is now in common use for the former Northern Province. For Limpopo to become the official name, the Third Amendment Bill (B33-2002) must be passed, amending section 103 of the Constitution of South Africa. As of 2003-12-05, this bill is pending in the National Assembly.

International standard ISO 3166-2 was published on 1998-12-15. It superseded ISO/DIS 3166-2 (draft international standard). The draft standard showed a division of South Africa into nine provinces, with a two-letter code for each. The final standard shows the same nine provinces, but four of their codes have been changed. The new set of codes is shown in the table below.

The book "Administrative Subdivisions of Countries" listed preliminary figures from the 1996 census, with a warning about the large margins of error. Statistics South Africa  has released final data, corrected for undercount, as shown below.

Country overview: 

In 1900, the Boer republics of Orange Free State and Transvaal were fighting Great Britain and the British colonies of Cape of Good Hope and Natal in the Boer War. The British won, and the peace treaty signed on 1902-05-31 made British colonies of all four lands. On 1910-05-31, they united to form the Union of South Africa (Afrikaans: Unie van Zuid-Afrika, but the Afrikaans spelling was changed from Zuid to Suid a few years later). The country voted on independence in 1960, and on 1961-05-31 it became independent under the name Republic of South Africa. Even before independence, the South African government was planning to address its racial problems by creating homelands, or Bantustans: black-majority enclaves within its territory. The first of the Bantustans was Transkei, delimited in 1963 and granted nominal independence in 1976. There were eventually ten homelands, of which four became nominally independent. None of them ever received international recognition. In 1994, the segregationist apartheid policy came to an end, and the homelands were re-incorporated into the country. South Africa held a mandate over South-West Africa for many years (see Namibia).

Other names of country: 

1. Afrikaans: Republiek van Suid-Afrika (formal)
2. Danish: Sydafrika
3. Dutch: Zuid-Afrika, Republiek Zuid-Afrika (formal)
4. English: Republic of South Africa (formal)
5. Finnish: Etelä-Afrikka
6. French: Afrique f du Sud
7. German: Südafrika n
8. Icelandic: Suður-Afríka
9. Italian: Sudafrica, Repubblica f Sudafricana (formal)
10. Norwegian: Sør-Afrika, Republikken Sør-Afrika (formal)
11. Portuguese: África do Sul, República f da África f do Sul (formal)
12. Spanish: Sudáfrica, República f de Sudáfrica f (formal)
13. Swedish: Sydafrika
14. Turkish: Güney Afrika, Güney Afrika Cumhuriyeti (formal)

Origin of name: 

descriptive: Southern part of African continent

Primary subdivisions: 

South Africa is divided into nine provinces (Afrikaans: provinsies).

Postal codes: 

South Africa uses four-digit postal codes. The numbers are not aligned with province boundaries.

Further subdivisions:

The provinces are subdivided into magisterial districts and administrative districts.

Territorial extent: 

Eastern Cape has an exclave within KwaZulu-Natal, around the town of Umzimkulu. It coincides with the part of Transkei that used to lie within Natal.

The Bantustans were generally composed of many scattered enclaves. The four Bantustans that were granted independence by South Africa, called the TBVC countries for short, were Transkei, Bophuthatswana, Venda, and Ciskei. Here are the capitals and approximate locations, relative to the old provinces, of all ten Bantustans. (The actual number of enclaves changed as boundaries were redrawn.)

1. Bophuthatswana (capital Mmabatho) was seven enclaves in northern Cape of Good Hope, western Transvaal, and Orange Free State.
2. Ciskei (Bisho) was one enclave in eastern Cape of Good Hope.
3. Gazankulu (Giyani) was four enclaves (two of them quite small) in northeastern Transvaal.
4. KaNgwane (Louieville) was two enclaves in eastern Transvaal.
5. KwaNdebele (Siyabuswa) was one enclave in central Transvaal.
6. KwaZulu (Ulundi) was eight enclaves (one quite small) in Natal.
7. Lebowa (Lebowakgomo) was eight enclaves (two or three very small) in northern Transvaal.
8. Qwaqwa (Phuthaditjhaba) was a small area in Orange Free State, in its corner with Natal and Lesotho.
9. Transkei (Umtata) was two enclaves in Cape of Good Hope and one in Natal.
10. Venda (Thohoyandou) was two enclaves in northern Transvaal.

Origins of names: 

1. Gauteng: Sotho for place of gold
2. Mpumalanga: = where the sun rises
3. Natal: Portuguese for Christmas, named by Captain Manuel Mascaranhas when he established it on 1597-12-25
4. Orange Free State: after the Orange River, which was named for the ruling Dutch family of Orange-Nassau
5. Transvaal: Latin trans: beyond + Vaal River (from Afrikaans vaal: yellowish), land beyond the Vaal from viewpoint of Capetown

Change history: 

1. 1902-05-31: Orange Free State became the British colony of Orange River Colony.
2. 1903-01-27: Northern Districts (Babanango, Paulpietersburg, Utrecht, Vryheid) transferred from Transvaal to Natal.
3. 1910-05-31: Union of South Africa formed. Name of Orange River Colony restored to Orange Free State.
4. 1922: Walvis Bay (then called Walfisch Bay) transferred from Cape Province of the Union of South Africa to Namibia (then called South West Africa).
5. 1947-12-25: Prince Edward Islands annexed to Cape Province, followed by Marion Island on 1947-12-30.
6. 1948: South Africa reclaimed sovereignty over Walvis Bay, making it again part of Cape Province.
7. 1976-10-25: Transkei called independent.
8. 1977-12-06: Bophuthatswana called independent.
9. 1979-09-13: Venda called independent.
10. 1981-12-04: Ciskei called independent.
11. 1992-08: Walvis Bay placed under joint Namibian and South African administration.
12. 1994-03-01: Walvis Bay fully transferred to Namibia.
13. 1994-04-27: South Africa reorganized into nine provinces. Before the reorganization, it was divided into the following four provinces, which had endured since 1910 with only minor changes. On this date, the Bantustans ceased to exist, even as a legal fiction.

1. 1994-05-07: South Africa reorganized from four provinces into nine.
2. 1994-12-08: A committee of the legislature of Pretoria-Witwatersrand-Vereeniging province recommended that the name of the province be changed to Gauteng.
3. ~1995: Name of Northern Transvaal changed to Northern Province.
4. 1995-06-29: Name of Orange Free State province changed to Free State.
5. 1995-08-24: Name of Eastern Transvaal province changed to Mpumalanga.
6. 1995-12-08: Name of Pretoria-Witwatersrand-Vereeniging province changed to Gauteng. (Another source says 1995-03.)
7. 2002-02-14: Name of capital of Northern Province changed from Pietersburg to Polokwane. (Name change announced.)
8. 2002-02-14: Northern Province requested that its name be changed to Limpopo. Its old ISO code was ZA-NP.
9. 2003-06-11: Minister of Arts, Culture, Science and Technology accepted the names Limpopo and Polokwane.
10. 2005-05-26: Name of administrative capital of South Africa changed from Pretoria to Tshwane.

Other names of subdivisions: 

1. Eastern Cape: Oos-Kaap (Afrikaans)
2. Free State: Orange Free State (obsolete); Vrystaat (Afrikaans)
3. Gauteng: Pretoria/Witwatersrand/Vaal (obsolete); PWV (informal)
4. Mpumalanga: Eastern Transvaal (obsolete)
5. North-West: Noordwes (Afrikaans)
6. Northern Cape: Noord-Kaap (Afrikaans)
7. Northern Province: Limpopo (variant); Noordelike Provinsie (Afrikaans); Northern Transvaal (obsolete)
8. Western Cape: Wes-Kaap (Afrikaans)
9. old provinces:
10. Cape of Good Hope: Cape Colony (obsolete); Cape Province (variant); Kaapland (Dutch); Kaapprovinsie, Provinsie die Kaap die Goeie Hoop (Afrikaans); Kapland (German); Kapplande (Norwegian); Province du Cap (French); Provincia del Capo (Italian); Província do Cabo (Portuguese)
11. Natal: Natal and Zululand (obsolete)
12. Orange Free State: Estado Livre de Orange (Portuguese); État libre d'Orange (French); Orange (Italian); Orange River Colony (obsolete); Oranje-Fristaten (Norwegian); Oranje-Vrijstaat (Dutch); Oranje-Vrystaat (Afrikaans); Oranjefreistaat (German)

Population history:

Note: figures for 1980 and 1991 exclude population of Bantustans.